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The digestive system is a complex system of organs .

Structures specialized in breaking down food , absorbing nutrients from it.

This system includes the organs and structures:

– Oral cavity:

this is where the digestion process begins by chewing and softening food. Enzymes in saliva help partially break down food.

– Pharynx:

After food is chewed and softened, it is swallowed and travels through the pharynx to the esophagus.

– Esophagus:

is a muscular tube that transports food from the throat to the stomach by means of muscle contractions.

– Stomach:

Is a sac-shaped organ that mixes food .

Gastric juice to break down the food it is sent to the small intestine.

– Small intestine:

It is a long, narrow tube that receives food from the stomach .

Nutrients are absorbed into the blood.

– Large intestine:

Larger organ is responsible for absorbing water .

Other useful substances from food and eliminating solid waste in the form of feces.

– Rectum:

It is the part of the large intestine .

Faeces are stored they are eliminated Through the anus.

The digestive system is essential for the process of digestion.

The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that absorbed.

Into the bloodstream and used by the body to produce energy and maintain body functions.

MASTICATION

The mouth and mastication are essential to the digestive system and the nutrition process.

Mastication is the process of crushing.

Kneading and mixing food in the mouth with the help of the teeth and jaw muscles.

This process is part of the initial stage of the digestive system .

Important for starting the process of breaking down food into smaller pieces that can be easily digested by the body.

Chewing, food is mixed with saliva, which contains enzymes that help break down carbohydrates in food.

Saliva contains substances that help lubricate and soften food, making it easier for the digestive system to swallow and digest.

Mastication begins with chewing food in the mouth and ends with swallowing.

This process, the jaw muscles are responsible for crushing the food.

The tongue and teeth help move the food into the mouth.

Swallowing occurs food is pushed i the esophagus by the muscle movements of the tongue and throat.

Proper chewing helps improve digestion and assimilation of nutrients from food.

It can help reduce the risk of developing dental and digestive problems.

That’s why it’s important to chew food slowly to help our body deal with the digestion process properly.

ESOPHAGEAL VARICES

Esophageal varices are dilated veins located inside the esophagus (the muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach).

That can occur a result of medical conditions.

These dilated veins occur the pressure inside the esophageal veins increases, and are associated with portal hypertension.

A condition that occurs blood flow to the liver is blocked or restricted.

Portal hypertension caused by various diseases, such liver cirrhosis, portal vein thrombosis or liver tumors.

Esophageal varices form, they become fragile and can easily rupture.

Which can lead to severe internal bleeding that can be fatal.

Sometimes esophageal varices asymptomatic and identified routine medical examinations.

Advanced cases, symptoms such bleeding in the esophagus, vomiting blood or dark stools may occur.

Treatment of esophageal varices may include medications to lower the pressure inside the esophageal veins.

Endoscopic procedures to stop bleeding, or surgery.

To prevent esophageal varices, it’s important to treat conditions that can cause.

Portal hypertension and follow a healthy lifestyle that includes quitting smoking and moderate alcohol consumption.

DUODENAL ULCER

A duodenal ulcer is an injury or erosion of the lining of the small intestine in the upper part (duodenum).

A duodenal ulcer develops the protective lining of the duodenum is damaged.

Stomach acid and digestive enzymes that are produced in the stomach.

This damage allows the stomach to attack the lining of the small intestine.

Causing damage that causes pain and digestive symptoms.

Causes of duodenal ulcers are not fully known.

They are associated with infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori.

This bacteria is found in the stomach .

Disrupt the natural balance of bacteria living in the digestive system.

Risk factors include smoking, regular and excessive alcohol consumption, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), stress, and genetic predisposition.

Symptoms of a duodenal ulcer include upper or middle abdominal pain.

Usually between meals or at night, cramping, burning or empty stomach, nausea and vomiting, weight loss.

Black, watery stools ( to digestive bleeding).

Treatment for duodenal ulcers may include antibiotics to treat Helicobacter pylori infection.

Drugs that reduce stomach acid, blocking agents that secrete stomach acid, or surgery in rare cases.

It’s important to talk to your doctor about any persistent digestive symptoms.

Maintain a healthy lifestyle, which includes eating a balanced diet and giving up smoking and alcohol.

ACUTE GASTRITIS

Acute gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach lining that occurs suddenly and may only a few days.

This inflammation caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial or viral infections.

Excessive alcohol consumption, excessive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), severe stress, or physical trauma.

Symptoms of acute gastritis include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, burning .

Pain in the stomach, loss of appetite, flatulence and bloating.

In severe cases, symptoms such coughing up blood.

Blood in vomit, or black, watery stools may occur, indicating the possibility of bleeding.

Treatment for acute gastritis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the symptoms.

Treatment includes medications that can reduce inflammation, neutralize stomach acid or protect the stomach lining, healthy eating, and adequate hydration.

Recommended to avoid fatty, fried and spicy foods, alcohol and the use of aspirin or other NSAID drugs.

In severe cases or complications, hospitalization required.

Important to see your doctor if you have severe symptoms.

Acute gastritis or if symptoms persist for a few days.

It is important to maintain a healthy lifestyle to prevent acute gastritis and other digestive health problems.

IRRITABLE BOWEL

Irritable bowel syndrome or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic condition.

The digestive tract that affects at 10-15% of the adult population, mostly women.

The exact cause of irritable bowel syndrome is not known.

Thought the result of a combination of factors, diet, stress or psychological disorders.

Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome include abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating, constipation or diarrhea (or alternating between them).

Incomplete bowel movements, burning or pain in the anus or rectum, and mucus in the stool.

Treatment for irritable bowel syndrome may include lifestyle changes.

Adopting a healthy diet and reducing stress levels.

Taking medications to reduce symptoms and improve bowel movement.

Medicines that prescribed include antispasmodics, laxatives or fiber supplements.

If classic treatments are not effective, stronger drugs prescribed by the doctor, such antidepressants or anxiolytics.

It’s important to talk to your doctor about possible complementary treatments .

Might help relieve your symptoms, such psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, or alternative therapies like acupuncture or hypnosis.

Irritable bowel syndrome cured, it managed through treatments and a healthy lifestyle.

It’s important to talk to your doctor if you have irritable bowel .

Symptoms to rule out other similar conditions and determine the best treatment plan for your specific situation.

ULCERATIVE-HEMORRAHGIC

Ulcerative-hemorrhagic rectocolitis (known as ulcerative colitis) is an inflammatory bowel disease that affects the large intestine (colon) and the rectum.

Inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the colon and rectum.

Cause various symptoms abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and weight loss.

Ulcerative-hemorrhagic rectocolitis is a chronic condition that can occur at any age.

Commonly starts between the ages of 15 and 30.

The exact cause of this condition is not yet known.

Thought to be related to an abnormal immune response.

There is no known cure for this condition yet.

Managed with medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.

Important for people with ulcerative-hemorrhagic rectocolitis to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their symptoms and prevent complications.

Hemorrhagic colitis is a medical condition .

Inflammation and bleeding in the colon, resulting in severe diarrhea.

The complications of hemorrhagic colitis can be serious and debilitating, and in some cases, life-threatening.

Some of the potential complications include:

1. Dehydration:

The excessive diarrhea caused by the condition.

Lead to dehydration to the loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body.

2. Bowel obstruction:

Scar tissue and inflammation in the colon can lead to a narrowing of the colon.

Causing a blockage or bowel obstruction.

3. Septicemia:

The condition can cause bacteria and other microorganisms to enter the bloodstream.

Leading to a potentially life-threatening infection known as septicemia.

4. Kidney damage:

Hemorrhagic colitis can lead to kidney damage to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and other factors.

5. Anemia:

Chronic blood loss can lead to anemia, a condition in there are not enough red blood cells in the body.

6. Increased risk of colon cancer:

Repeated episodes of hemorrhagic colitis can increase the risk of developing colon cancer.

It is important to seek immediate medical attention.

Suspect you have hemorrhagic colitis or experience symptoms such severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stool.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment can help reduce the risk of complications and improve outcomes.

ANAL HEMORRHOIDS

Mixed anal hemorrhoids are a type of hemorrhoid .

Characterized by containing internal and external hemorrhoids.

This means that the blood vessels in the anal area.

Inside and outside the rectum, have become swollen and inflamed.

Internal hemorrhoids are located inside the rectum and typically cause bleeding with bowel movements.

External hemorrhoids are located outside the rectum and can cause pain and discomfort.

Mixed anal hemorrhoids can cause a combination of these symptoms.

Including bleeding bowel movements, pain, itching, and a lump or swelling around the anus.

Risk factors for developing mixed anal hemorrhoids include constipation, pregnancy, obesity, and prolonged sitting or standing.

Treatment options for mixed anal hemorrhoids can vary depending on the severity of the condition.

Include lifestyle changes fiber intake and drinking plenty of water, topical creams or ointments, and in more severe cases, surgery.

It is important to consult with a healthcare professional .

You suspect you have mixed anal hemorrhoids or are experiencing symptoms in the anal area.

They can provide a proper diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment options to alleviate your symptoms and prevent complications.

Understanding the differences between benign and malignant tumors

Malignant tumors Are cancerous growths that can invade nearby tissues .

Spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

They tend to grow faster benign tumors and life-threatening if not detected and treated early.

Characteristics of malignant tumors include an irregular border, a rapid growth rate, and the ability to metastasize or invade other tissues [1].

Examples of malignant tumors of the digestive system include esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and colorectal cancer [3] [4].

Diagnostic and treatment options for both types of tumors .

Vary depending on the location and severity of the tumor.

Diagnostic tests may include imaging tests, such CT or MRI scans.

Well biopsies to determine the tumor is benign or malignant.

Treatment options for benign tumors may include watchful waiting, medication.

Surgery to remove the tumor if it causes symptoms or grows in size.

5] [6]. Treatment options for malignant tumors may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments [7] [8] [9].

Important to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the best course of treatment for any type of tumor.

Common types of tumors founds in the anus, small intestine, large intestine, stomach.

Esophagus Tumors benign or malignant.

Anal cancer is a malignant tumor that develops in the anal canal, which is the part of the large intestine [10]

Benign tumors of the anus, such as anal skin tags and hemorrhoids, are also common [11].

Early detection and treatment of anal cancer is crucial for successful outcomes, as anal cancer tends to spread rapidly [10].

The small intestine can be affected by different types of tumors, including gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and carcinoid tumors [12].

GISTs are a distinct subgroup of mesenchymal tumors that are primarily located in the stomach and small intestine.

13 [14]. Carcinoid tumors are rare and usually slow-growing, which can occur in various parts of the body, including the small intestine [12].

Early detection and treatment of these tumors is essential for better outcomes.

Colorectal cancer is a malignant tumor that grows from the mucous membrane that lines the walls of the large intestine [15].

Colon polyps, which are protruding growths that grow on the colon wall, are often asymptomatic and can develop into colorectal cancer if left untreated [16][2].

Benign tumors of the cecal appendix are also common and are usually asymptomatic [11].

Early detection and removal of colon polyps can prevent the development of colorectal cancer [17].

Other benign tumors that can occur in the large intestine include hamartomas and adenomatous polyps [18].